{"id":174,"date":"2025-05-25T16:14:29","date_gmt":"2025-05-25T10:29:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/?p=174"},"modified":"2025-05-25T16:18:16","modified_gmt":"2025-05-25T10:33:16","slug":"kautilyan-realism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/kautilyan-realism\/","title":{"rendered":"Kautilyan Realism"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"174\" class=\"elementor elementor-174\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e72131 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e72131\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb29180\" data-id=\"cb29180\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5710d5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"5710d5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Realism-Saturday-at-8-07-PM.m4a\" controls=\"\" preload=\"metadata\" controlsList=\"nodownload\" poster=\"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/listenlearn-1.png\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a06c327 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a06c327\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a6048f\" data-id=\"4a6048f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b451586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b451586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-3\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h5 class=\"sr-only\">You said:<\/h5><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"user\" data-message-id=\"d16551c7-b221-4e0a-b54f-9791a9373be2\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start\"><div class=\"relative max-w-[var(--user-chat-width,70%)] bg-token-message-surface rounded-3xl px-5 py-2.5\"><div class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap\">Realism Realism Kautilyan Realism Classical Realism Neorealism &#8211; Strategic Realism \/ Rationalism Neorealism &#8211; Defensive Realism \/ Structural Realism Neorealism &#8211; Offensive Realism Neoclassical Realism &#8211; Neoclassical Realism<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex absolute start-0 end-0 flex justify-end\"><div class=\"touch:-me-2 touch:-ms-3.5 -ms-2.5 -me-1 flex items-center p-1 select-none focus-within:transition-none hover:transition-none duration-300 group-hover\/turn-messages:delay-300 pointer-events-none opacity-0 motion-safe:transition-opacity group-hover\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-hover\/turn-messages:opacity-100 group-focus-within\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within\/turn-messages:opacity-100 has-data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto has-data-[state=open]:opacity-100\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-4\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h6 class=\"sr-only\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"a299ad27-7a75-4049-bb17-5355c91d052a\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light\"><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"296\">Here&#8217;s a master&#8217;s-level overview of <strong data-start=\"36\" data-end=\"47\">Realism<\/strong> in International Relations (IR), covering its major variants\u2014<strong data-start=\"109\" data-end=\"161\">Kautilyan Realism, Classical Realism, Neorealism<\/strong> (Strategic\/Rationalist, Defensive\/Structural, Offensive), and <strong data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"248\">Neoclassical Realism<\/strong>\u2014with inline references and contextual examples.<\/p><hr data-start=\"298\" data-end=\"301\" \/><h2 data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"372\"><strong data-start=\"306\" data-end=\"372\">1. Realism in International Relations: A Foundational Paradigm<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"885\"><strong data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"385\">Realism<\/strong> is one of the oldest and most enduring theories in International Relations. It posits that <strong data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"556\">international politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature<\/strong>, where <strong data-start=\"564\" data-end=\"599\">states are the principal actors<\/strong>, and the <strong data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"645\">international system is anarchic<\/strong>, meaning there is no central authority above states (Morgenthau, 1948). Power\u2014primarily military power\u2014is the central currency in international politics, and states act primarily to <strong data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"884\">ensure survival and maximize their power or security<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"887\" data-end=\"890\" \/><h2 data-start=\"892\" data-end=\"919\"><strong data-start=\"895\" data-end=\"919\">2. Kautilyan Realism<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"1193\"><strong data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"942\">Kautilyan Realism<\/strong>, derived from the ancient Indian political treatise <em data-start=\"995\" data-end=\"1009\">Arthashastra<\/em> by <strong data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1036\">Kautilya (Chanakya)<\/strong> (4th century BCE), presents an early form of realpolitik. It shares with modern realism the <strong data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1192\">centrality of power, pragmatism, and state-centric analysis<\/strong>.<\/p><ul data-start=\"1195\" data-end=\"1726\"><li data-start=\"1195\" data-end=\"1565\"><p data-start=\"1197\" data-end=\"1213\"><strong data-start=\"1197\" data-end=\"1212\">Core Tenets<\/strong>:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"1565\"><li data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"1288\"><p data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1288\">The ruler\u2019s primary duty is the protection and expansion of the state.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1409\"><p data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1409\">Foreign policy must be based on <strong data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1340\">realpolitik<\/strong>: alliances are temporary, and diplomacy is a tool of strategic gain.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1412\" data-end=\"1565\"><p data-start=\"1414\" data-end=\"1565\">The <strong data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1436\">Mandala theory<\/strong> (circle of states) posits that neighboring states are natural enemies, and the enemy of an enemy is a friend (Rangarajan, 1992).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1726\"><p data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1726\"><strong data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1580\">Example<\/strong>: Kautilya advised alliances with weaker or distant powers to counterbalance immediate threats\u2014a strategy echoed in modern balance of power logic.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1731\" \/><h2 data-start=\"1733\" data-end=\"1760\"><strong data-start=\"1736\" data-end=\"1760\">3. Classical Realism<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1969\"><strong data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1783\">Classical Realism<\/strong>, prominently advanced by <strong data-start=\"1809\" data-end=\"1828\">Hans Morgenthau<\/strong>, sees <strong data-start=\"1835\" data-end=\"1851\">human nature<\/strong> as the root cause of conflict. Leaders seek power because <strong data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"1968\">humans are inherently self-interested and power-hungry<\/strong>.<\/p><ul data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"2527\"><li data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"2207\"><p data-start=\"1973\" data-end=\"1993\"><strong data-start=\"1973\" data-end=\"1992\">Key Assumptions<\/strong>:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"2207\"><li data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"2050\"><p data-start=\"1998\" data-end=\"2050\">Politics is governed by laws rooted in human nature.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2132\"><p data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2132\">States act in terms of national interest defined as power (Morgenthau, 1948).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2207\"><p data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2207\">Moral principles cannot be applied wholesale to the actions of states.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"2209\" data-end=\"2367\"><p data-start=\"2211\" data-end=\"2367\"><strong data-start=\"2211\" data-end=\"2222\">Example<\/strong>: The Cold War nuclear arms race can be interpreted through Classical Realism as a natural result of mutual distrust and the drive for dominance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2369\" data-end=\"2527\"><p data-start=\"2371\" data-end=\"2527\"><strong data-start=\"2371\" data-end=\"2383\">Critique<\/strong>: It relies heavily on a somewhat essentialist view of human nature and lacks a systematic account of how structural constraints shape behavior.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2529\" data-end=\"2532\" \/><h2 data-start=\"2534\" data-end=\"2575\"><strong data-start=\"2537\" data-end=\"2575\">4. Neorealism (Structural Realism)<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2877\">Developed by <strong data-start=\"2590\" data-end=\"2607\">Kenneth Waltz<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2609\" data-end=\"2623\">Neorealism<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"2627\" data-end=\"2649\">Structural Realism<\/strong> shifts the explanation from human nature to the <strong data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2739\">structure of the international system<\/strong>. The absence of an overarching authority (anarchy) compels states to act in self-help, leading to competition and conflict (Waltz, 1979).<\/p><h3 data-start=\"2879\" data-end=\"2929\">4.1 <strong data-start=\"2887\" data-end=\"2929\">Defensive Realism (Structural Realism)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2931\" data-end=\"3476\"><li data-start=\"2931\" data-end=\"3073\"><p data-start=\"2933\" data-end=\"3073\"><strong data-start=\"2933\" data-end=\"2945\">Key Idea<\/strong>: States are <strong data-start=\"2958\" data-end=\"2981\">security maximizers<\/strong>, not power maximizers. Excessive power accumulation invites balancing and reduces security.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3105\"><p data-start=\"3076\" data-end=\"3105\"><strong data-start=\"3076\" data-end=\"3089\">Proponent<\/strong>: Kenneth Waltz.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3106\" data-end=\"3205\"><p data-start=\"3108\" data-end=\"3205\"><strong data-start=\"3108\" data-end=\"3130\">Policy Implication<\/strong>: States should <strong data-start=\"3146\" data-end=\"3176\">avoid aggressive expansion<\/strong>, which is counterproductive.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3377\"><p data-start=\"3209\" data-end=\"3377\"><strong data-start=\"3209\" data-end=\"3220\">Example<\/strong>: Post-WWII U.S. foreign policy focused on <strong data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3278\">containment<\/strong>, not conquest\u2014e.g., the Marshall Plan aimed to stabilize Europe rather than control it militarily.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3379\" data-end=\"3476\"><p data-start=\"3381\" data-end=\"3476\"><strong data-start=\"3381\" data-end=\"3393\">Critique<\/strong>: Cannot explain aggressive behavior unless clearly rooted in systemic constraints.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3 data-start=\"3478\" data-end=\"3507\">4.2 <strong data-start=\"3486\" data-end=\"3507\">Offensive Realism<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"3509\" data-end=\"4054\"><li data-start=\"3509\" data-end=\"3596\"><p data-start=\"3511\" data-end=\"3596\"><strong data-start=\"3511\" data-end=\"3523\">Key Idea<\/strong>: States are <strong data-start=\"3536\" data-end=\"3556\">power maximizers<\/strong>; they seek hegemony to ensure survival.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3597\" data-end=\"3638\"><p data-start=\"3599\" data-end=\"3638\"><strong data-start=\"3599\" data-end=\"3612\">Proponent<\/strong>: John Mearsheimer (2001).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3639\" data-end=\"3750\"><p data-start=\"3641\" data-end=\"3750\"><strong data-start=\"3641\" data-end=\"3665\">International System<\/strong>: The anarchic structure compels states to <strong data-start=\"3708\" data-end=\"3737\">constantly seek dominance<\/strong> over rivals.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3928\"><p data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3928\"><strong data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3765\">Example<\/strong>: Russia\u2019s actions in Ukraine (2014, 2022) are often interpreted by offensive realists as rational attempts to prevent NATO expansion and assert regional hegemony.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3930\" data-end=\"4054\"><p data-start=\"3932\" data-end=\"4054\"><strong data-start=\"3932\" data-end=\"3944\">Critique<\/strong>: Tends to <strong data-start=\"3955\" data-end=\"3979\">overpredict conflict<\/strong> and underestimates the role of norms, institutions, and domestic politics.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3 data-start=\"4056\" data-end=\"4099\">4.3 <strong data-start=\"4064\" data-end=\"4099\">Strategic Realism \/ Rationalism<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4553\"><li data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4237\"><p data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4237\">Associated with <strong data-start=\"4119\" data-end=\"4139\">Thomas Schelling<\/strong> and others, this variant <strong data-start=\"4165\" data-end=\"4236\">models international politics using rational choice and game theory<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4238\" data-end=\"4295\"><p data-start=\"4240\" data-end=\"4295\"><strong data-start=\"4240\" data-end=\"4249\">Focus<\/strong>: Strategic interaction, coercion, deterrence.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4297\" data-end=\"4458\"><p data-start=\"4299\" data-end=\"4458\"><strong data-start=\"4299\" data-end=\"4310\">Example<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"4312\" data-end=\"4336\">Cuban Missile Crisis<\/strong> (1962) analyzed as a game of brinkmanship; both the U.S. and USSR acted to signal resolve without triggering nuclear war.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4460\" data-end=\"4553\"><p data-start=\"4462\" data-end=\"4553\"><strong data-start=\"4462\" data-end=\"4474\">Critique<\/strong>: Assumes perfect rationality, which often does not hold in high-stakes crises.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"4555\" data-end=\"4558\" \/><h2 data-start=\"4560\" data-end=\"4590\"><strong data-start=\"4563\" data-end=\"4590\">5. Neoclassical Realism<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"4592\" data-end=\"4847\"><strong data-start=\"4592\" data-end=\"4616\">Neoclassical Realism<\/strong> incorporates both <strong data-start=\"4635\" data-end=\"4674\">systemic and domestic-level factors<\/strong> to explain foreign policy. It posits that <strong data-start=\"4717\" data-end=\"4741\">leaders\u2019 perceptions<\/strong>, state institutions, and <strong data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4846\">domestic politics mediate how states respond to the international structure<\/strong>.<\/p><ul data-start=\"4849\" data-end=\"5380\"><li data-start=\"4849\" data-end=\"4921\"><p data-start=\"4851\" data-end=\"4921\"><strong data-start=\"4851\" data-end=\"4865\">Proponents<\/strong>: Gideon Rose (1998), Randall Schweller, Fareed Zakaria.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4922\" data-end=\"5047\"><p data-start=\"4924\" data-end=\"5047\"><strong data-start=\"4924\" data-end=\"4936\">Key Idea<\/strong>: Structural constraints offer a range of possible actions, but <strong data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5046\">domestic variables shape the actual choice<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5286\"><p data-start=\"5051\" data-end=\"5286\"><strong data-start=\"5051\" data-end=\"5062\">Example<\/strong>: U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003): Structural realism struggles to explain it (Iraq wasn\u2019t a threat). Neoclassical realists argue that <strong data-start=\"5194\" data-end=\"5215\">elite perceptions<\/strong>, ideological agendas, and bureaucratic interests shaped U.S. behavior.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5288\" data-end=\"5380\"><p data-start=\"5290\" data-end=\"5380\"><strong data-start=\"5290\" data-end=\"5302\">Critique<\/strong>: It risks becoming <strong data-start=\"5322\" data-end=\"5338\">too eclectic<\/strong> and lacks a unified predictive framework.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"5382\" data-end=\"5385\" \/><h2 data-start=\"5387\" data-end=\"5413\"><strong data-start=\"5390\" data-end=\"5413\">Comparative Summary<\/strong><\/h2><div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"5415\" data-end=\"6151\"><thead data-start=\"5415\" data-end=\"5485\"><tr data-start=\"5415\" data-end=\"5485\"><th data-start=\"5415\" data-end=\"5425\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Variant<\/th><th data-start=\"5425\" data-end=\"5445\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Level of Analysis<\/th><th data-start=\"5445\" data-end=\"5458\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Key Driver<\/th><th data-start=\"5458\" data-end=\"5474\" data-col-size=\"sm\">View of Power<\/th><th data-start=\"5474\" data-end=\"5485\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"5557\" data-end=\"6151\"><tr data-start=\"5557\" data-end=\"5645\"><td data-start=\"5557\" data-end=\"5577\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Kautilyan Realism<\/td><td data-start=\"5577\" data-end=\"5590\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Statecraft<\/td><td data-start=\"5590\" data-end=\"5611\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Strategic Interest<\/td><td data-start=\"5611\" data-end=\"5627\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Pragmatic use<\/td><td data-start=\"5627\" data-end=\"5645\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Mandala theory<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"5646\" data-end=\"5736\"><td data-start=\"5646\" data-end=\"5666\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Classical Realism<\/td><td data-start=\"5666\" data-end=\"5681\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Human Nature<\/td><td data-start=\"5681\" data-end=\"5704\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Human lust for power<\/td><td data-start=\"5704\" data-end=\"5718\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Qualitative<\/td><td data-start=\"5718\" data-end=\"5736\" data-col-size=\"sm\">WWII diplomacy<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"5737\" data-end=\"5831\"><td data-start=\"5737\" data-end=\"5762\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Neorealism &#8211; Defensive<\/td><td data-start=\"5762\" data-end=\"5773\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Systemic<\/td><td data-start=\"5773\" data-end=\"5794\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Anarchy &amp; Security<\/td><td data-start=\"5794\" data-end=\"5807\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Status quo<\/td><td data-start=\"5807\" data-end=\"5831\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Cold War containment<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"5832\" data-end=\"5940\"><td data-start=\"5832\" data-end=\"5857\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Neorealism &#8211; Offensive<\/td><td data-start=\"5857\" data-end=\"5868\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Systemic<\/td><td data-start=\"5868\" data-end=\"5899\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Anarchy &amp; Power Maximization<\/td><td data-start=\"5899\" data-end=\"5913\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Revisionist<\/td><td data-start=\"5913\" data-end=\"5940\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Russia-Ukraine conflict<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"5941\" data-end=\"6043\"><td data-start=\"5941\" data-end=\"5961\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Strategic Realism<\/td><td data-start=\"5961\" data-end=\"5984\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Systemic + Strategic<\/td><td data-start=\"5984\" data-end=\"6007\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rational Calculation<\/td><td data-start=\"6007\" data-end=\"6019\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Strategic<\/td><td data-start=\"6019\" data-end=\"6043\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Cuban Missile Crisis<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"6044\" data-end=\"6151\"><td data-start=\"6044\" data-end=\"6067\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Neoclassical Realism<\/td><td data-start=\"6067\" data-end=\"6091\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Systemic + Unit-Level<\/td><td data-start=\"6091\" data-end=\"6122\" data-col-size=\"sm\">State Structure, Perceptions<\/td><td data-start=\"6122\" data-end=\"6131\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Varies<\/td><td data-start=\"6131\" data-end=\"6151\" data-col-size=\"sm\">US Iraq War 2003<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\"><div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><hr data-start=\"6153\" data-end=\"6156\" \/><h2 data-start=\"6158\" data-end=\"6175\"><strong data-start=\"6161\" data-end=\"6175\">Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"6177\" data-end=\"6518\">Realism, in its many forms, provides powerful lenses to understand international politics\u2014from ancient statecraft to modern geopolitical crises. While structural variants stress the constraints imposed by the international system, classical and neoclassical approaches remind us that <strong data-start=\"6461\" data-end=\"6513\">agency, perception, and domestic politics matter<\/strong> too.<\/p><hr data-start=\"6520\" data-end=\"6523\" \/><h2 data-start=\"6525\" data-end=\"6542\"><strong data-start=\"6528\" data-end=\"6542\">References<\/strong><\/h2><ul data-start=\"6544\" data-end=\"7116\"><li data-start=\"6544\" data-end=\"6660\"><p data-start=\"6546\" data-end=\"6660\">Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). <em data-start=\"6572\" data-end=\"6630\">Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace<\/em>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6661\" data-end=\"6750\"><p data-start=\"6663\" data-end=\"6750\">Waltz, K. N. (1979). <em data-start=\"6684\" data-end=\"6718\">Theory of International Politics<\/em>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6751\" data-end=\"6844\"><p data-start=\"6753\" data-end=\"6844\">Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). <em data-start=\"6780\" data-end=\"6817\">The Tragedy of Great Power Politics<\/em>. New York: W. W. Norton.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6845\" data-end=\"6954\"><p data-start=\"6847\" data-end=\"6954\">Rose, G. (1998). \u201cNeoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.\u201d <em data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"6935\">World Politics<\/em>, 51(1), 144\u2013172.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6955\" data-end=\"7035\"><p data-start=\"6957\" data-end=\"7035\">Rangarajan, L. N. (1992). <em data-start=\"6983\" data-end=\"7011\">Kautilya: The Arthashastra<\/em>. Penguin Books India.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7036\" data-end=\"7116\"><p data-start=\"7038\" data-end=\"7116\">Schelling, T. C. (1960). <em data-start=\"7063\" data-end=\"7089\">The Strategy of Conflict<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"7118\" data-end=\"7121\" \/><p data-start=\"7123\" data-end=\"7218\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Let me know if you&#8217;d like this adapted into a table\/chart, study notes, or presentation format.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex absolute start-0 end-0 flex justify-start\"><div class=\"touch:-me-2 touch:-ms-3.5 -ms-2.5 -me-1 flex items-center p-1 select-none -mt-1 focus-within:transition-none hover:transition-none duration-500 group-hover\/turn-messages:delay-300 pointer-events-none [mask-image:linear-gradient(to_right,black_33%,transparent_66%)] [mask-size:300%_100%] [mask-position:100%_0%] motion-safe:transition-[mask-position] group-hover\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-hover\/turn-messages:[mask-position:0_0] group-focus-within\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within\/turn-messages:[mask-position:0_0] has-data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto has-data-[state=open]:[mask-position:0_0]\"><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Copy\" data-testid=\"copy-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Good response\" data-testid=\"good-response-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Bad response\" data-testid=\"bad-response-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Read aloud\" data-testid=\"voice-play-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Edit in canvas\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><div class=\"flex items-center pb-0\"><span class=\"overflow-hidden text-sm text-clip whitespace-nowrap\">4o<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-5\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h5 class=\"sr-only\">You said:<\/h5><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"user\" data-message-id=\"2ee810b4-56d1-4232-b5e1-1fe12b373c33\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start\"><div class=\"relative max-w-[var(--user-chat-width,70%)] bg-token-message-surface rounded-3xl px-5 py-2.5\"><div class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap\">Explain in short: 1. What is realpolitik? 2. explain pragmatism 3. What is mandala theory? 4. What is neoclassic (the literal meaning)?<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex absolute start-0 end-0 flex justify-end\"><div class=\"touch:-me-2 touch:-ms-3.5 -ms-2.5 -me-1 flex items-center p-1 select-none focus-within:transition-none hover:transition-none duration-300 group-hover\/turn-messages:delay-300 pointer-events-none opacity-0 motion-safe:transition-opacity group-hover\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-hover\/turn-messages:opacity-100 group-focus-within\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within\/turn-messages:opacity-100 has-data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto has-data-[state=open]:opacity-100\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-6\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h6 class=\"sr-only\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"885ff2f2-8220-49a3-a911-93bff656a49f\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light\"><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"69\">Here are concise, clear explanations for each of your four questions:<\/p><hr data-start=\"71\" data-end=\"74\" \/><h3 data-start=\"76\" data-end=\"107\">1. <strong data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"107\">What is Realpolitik?<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"109\" data-end=\"346\"><strong data-start=\"109\" data-end=\"124\">Realpolitik<\/strong> refers to a <strong data-start=\"137\" data-end=\"187\">pragmatic, interest-based approach to politics<\/strong>, especially foreign policy, where decisions are driven by <strong data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"299\">practical concerns of power and national interest<\/strong>, not by ideology, ethics, or moral principles.<\/p><ul data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"628\"><li data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"463\"><p data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"463\"><strong data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"369\">Literal meaning<\/strong> (German): &#8220;Real&#8221; (meaning realistic\/practical) + &#8220;Politik&#8221; (politics) = <em data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"462\">practical politics<\/em>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"628\"><p data-start=\"466\" data-end=\"628\"><strong data-start=\"466\" data-end=\"477\">Example<\/strong>: In the 1970s, U.S. President Nixon\u2019s visit to Communist China was a Realpolitik move to counterbalance Soviet power, despite ideological differences.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"630\" data-end=\"633\" \/><h3 data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"665\">2. <strong data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"665\">What is Pragmatism?<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"803\"><strong data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"681\">Pragmatism<\/strong> is a philosophy that emphasizes <strong data-start=\"714\" data-end=\"740\">practical consequences<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"745\" data-end=\"768\">real-world outcomes<\/strong> as the key test of truth or value.<\/p><ul data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"1107\"><li data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"946\"><p data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"946\">In politics or diplomacy, a <strong data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"857\">pragmatic approach<\/strong> means focusing on what <strong data-start=\"881\" data-end=\"902\">works in practice<\/strong> rather than what is ideal or morally right.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"1107\"><p data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"1107\"><strong data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"960\">Example<\/strong>: Forming temporary alliances with former enemies to counter a larger threat (as in WWII, when the U.S. allied with the USSR against Nazi Germany).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1112\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1114\" data-end=\"1148\">3. <strong data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1148\">What is Mandala Theory?<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1150\" data-end=\"1327\"><strong data-start=\"1150\" data-end=\"1168\">Mandala Theory<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1198\">geopolitical concept<\/strong> from Kautilya&#8217;s <em data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1229\">Arthashastra<\/em>, where the international order is seen as concentric circles (mandalas) around the ruler&#8217;s state.<\/p><ul data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1612\"><li data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1451\"><p data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1451\"><strong data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1344\">Core idea<\/strong>: A state&#8217;s <strong data-start=\"1356\" data-end=\"1397\">immediate neighbor is a natural enemy<\/strong>, and the <strong data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1450\">neighbor&#8217;s neighbor is a potential ally<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1511\"><p data-start=\"1454\" data-end=\"1511\">It promotes <strong data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1510\">strategic alliances and balance of power<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1612\"><p data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1612\"><strong data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1525\">Example<\/strong>: Ancient Indian kingdoms aligning with distant states to counterbalance nearby rivals.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1617\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"1667\">4. <strong data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1667\">What is Neoclassic (literal meaning)?<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1669\" data-end=\"1789\"><strong data-start=\"1669\" data-end=\"1683\">Neoclassic<\/strong> literally means <strong data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1719\">&#8220;new classical&#8221;<\/strong>\u2014a revival or adaptation of classical principles with modern elements.<\/p><ul data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"2141\"><li data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1955\"><p data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1955\">In IR theory, <strong data-start=\"1807\" data-end=\"1831\">Neoclassical Realism<\/strong> combines <strong data-start=\"1841\" data-end=\"1906\">classical realism\u2019s attention to human and unit-level factors<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1954\">neorealism\u2019s structural\/systemic focus<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"2141\"><p data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"2141\"><strong data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"1969\">Example<\/strong>: A neoclassical realist explains a country\u2019s foreign policy by looking at both <strong data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2076\">international pressures<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2081\" data-end=\"2140\">domestic political structures or leadership perceptions<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2143\" data-end=\"2147\" \/><p data-start=\"2149\" data-end=\"2234\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Let me know if you&#8217;d like visual aids or memory tricks to help recall these concepts!<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex absolute start-0 end-0 flex justify-start\"><div class=\"touch:-me-2 touch:-ms-3.5 -ms-2.5 -me-1 flex items-center p-1 select-none -mt-1 focus-within:transition-none hover:transition-none duration-500 group-hover\/turn-messages:delay-300 pointer-events-none [mask-image:linear-gradient(to_right,black_33%,transparent_66%)] [mask-size:300%_100%] [mask-position:100%_0%] motion-safe:transition-[mask-position] group-hover\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-hover\/turn-messages:[mask-position:0_0] group-focus-within\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within\/turn-messages:[mask-position:0_0] has-data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto has-data-[state=open]:[mask-position:0_0]\"><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Copy\" data-testid=\"copy-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Good response\" data-testid=\"good-response-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Bad response\" data-testid=\"bad-response-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Read aloud\" data-testid=\"voice-play-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Edit in canvas\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><div class=\"flex items-center pb-0\"><span class=\"overflow-hidden text-sm text-clip whitespace-nowrap\">4o<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-7\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h5 class=\"sr-only\">You said:<\/h5><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"user\" data-message-id=\"4918cae4-2983-4075-9161-d33b2a37ca24\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start\"><div class=\"relative max-w-[var(--user-chat-width,70%)] bg-token-message-surface rounded-3xl px-5 py-2.5\"><div class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap\">Short explain: sama (conciliation) and dana (gifts) danda and ved<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-8\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h6 class=\"sr-only\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"f216d3bd-f005-498a-888d-dd6c9fc8b85d\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light\"><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"157\">Here\u2019s a short explanation of the four classical strategies of diplomacy from <strong data-start=\"78\" data-end=\"105\">Kautilya\u2019s Arthashastra<\/strong>, often referred to as <strong data-start=\"128\" data-end=\"156\">Sama, Dana, Danda, Bheda<\/strong>:<\/p><hr data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"162\" \/><h3 data-start=\"164\" data-end=\"194\">1. <strong data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"194\">Sama (Conciliation)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"388\"><li data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"265\"><p data-start=\"197\" data-end=\"265\"><strong data-start=\"197\" data-end=\"208\">Meaning<\/strong>: Persuasion through dialogue, negotiation, or diplomacy.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"310\"><p data-start=\"268\" data-end=\"310\"><strong data-start=\"268\" data-end=\"276\">Goal<\/strong>: Win over an opponent peacefully.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"311\" data-end=\"388\"><p data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"388\"><strong data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"324\">Example<\/strong>: Signing a treaty or resolving conflict through peaceful talks.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"393\" \/><h3 data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"418\">2. <strong data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"418\">Dana (Gifts)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"596\"><li data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"472\"><p data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"472\"><strong data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"432\">Meaning<\/strong>: Offering material or symbolic rewards.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"521\"><p data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"521\"><strong data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"483\">Goal<\/strong>: Gain favor, loyalty, or cooperation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"522\" data-end=\"596\"><p data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"596\"><strong data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"535\">Example<\/strong>: Giving economic aid to win a state&#8217;s support or neutrality.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"601\" \/><h3 data-start=\"603\" data-end=\"632\">3. <strong data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"632\">Danda (Punishment)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"768\"><li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"671\"><p data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"671\"><strong data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"646\">Meaning<\/strong>: Use or threat of force.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"714\"><p data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"714\"><strong data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"682\">Goal<\/strong>: Deter or defeat the adversary.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"768\"><p data-start=\"717\" data-end=\"768\"><strong data-start=\"717\" data-end=\"728\">Example<\/strong>: Military action or economic sanctions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"773\" \/><h3 data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"819\">4. <strong data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"819\">Bheda (Division \/ Sowing Discord)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"1011\"><li data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"879\"><p data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"879\"><strong data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"833\">Meaning<\/strong>: Creating divisions within the enemy\u2019s ranks.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"945\"><p data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"945\"><strong data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"890\">Goal<\/strong>: Weaken the opponent by exploiting internal conflicts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"946\" data-end=\"1011\"><p data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1011\"><strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"959\">Example<\/strong>: Supporting opposition groups or spreading dissent.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1016\" \/><p data-start=\"1018\" data-end=\"1129\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">These four are <strong data-start=\"1033\" data-end=\"1056\">tools of statecraft<\/strong>, used strategically depending on the situation\u2014<em data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1128\">from peace to coercion<\/em>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex absolute start-0 end-0 flex justify-start\"><div class=\"touch:-me-2 touch:-ms-3.5 -ms-2.5 -me-1 flex items-center p-1 select-none -mt-1 focus-within:transition-none hover:transition-none duration-500 group-hover\/turn-messages:delay-300 pointer-events-none [mask-image:linear-gradient(to_right,black_33%,transparent_66%)] [mask-size:300%_100%] [mask-position:100%_0%] motion-safe:transition-[mask-position] group-hover\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-hover\/turn-messages:[mask-position:0_0] group-focus-within\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within\/turn-messages:[mask-position:0_0] has-data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto has-data-[state=open]:[mask-position:0_0]\"><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Copy\" data-testid=\"copy-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Good response\" data-testid=\"good-response-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Bad response\" data-testid=\"bad-response-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Read aloud\" data-testid=\"voice-play-turn-action-button\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><button class=\"text-token-text-secondary hover:bg-token-main-surface-secondary rounded-lg\" aria-label=\"Edit in canvas\" data-state=\"closed\"><\/button><div class=\"flex items-center pb-0\"><span class=\"overflow-hidden text-sm text-clip whitespace-nowrap\">4o<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-9\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h5 class=\"sr-only\">You said:<\/h5><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"user\" data-message-id=\"c126e0f5-489d-4759-882a-cbb68ce936aa\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start\"><div class=\"relative max-w-[var(--user-chat-width,70%)] bg-token-message-surface rounded-3xl px-5 py-2.5\"><div class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap\">Explain this in detailed historical context: India&#8217;s nuclear weapons program development in the 1960s-70s reflects Kautilyan realism in contemporary context. Following China&#8217;s 1964 nuclear test and facing regional security challenges, India pursued nuclear capability while maintaining official commitment to global disarmament\u2014a strategy reflecting Kautilya&#8217;s emphasis on hidden capabilities (utsiktaprabhu). Prime Minister Indira Gandhi&#8217;s authorization of &#8220;peaceful nuclear explosion&#8221; in 1974 while continuing non-alignment demonstrated the Kautilyan principle of pursuing self-interest through multiple diplomatic facades. The 1998 nuclear tests under the BJP government were explicitly justified using Kautilyan concepts, with National Security Advisor Brajesh Mishra and strategic theorist K. Subrahmanyam specifically citing the Arthashastra&#8217;s teaching that &#8220;the enemy of my enemy is my friend&#8221; to justify India&#8217;s changed strategic posture toward the United States to counterbalance Chinese influence.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex absolute start-0 end-0 flex justify-end\"><div class=\"touch:-me-2 touch:-ms-3.5 -ms-2.5 -me-1 flex items-center p-1 select-none focus-within:transition-none hover:transition-none duration-300 group-hover\/turn-messages:delay-300 pointer-events-none opacity-0 motion-safe:transition-opacity group-hover\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-hover\/turn-messages:opacity-100 group-focus-within\/turn-messages:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within\/turn-messages:opacity-100 has-data-[state=open]:pointer-events-auto has-data-[state=open]:opacity-100\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-10\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\"><h6 class=\"sr-only\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"b63455b1-1c6e-4de0-8bf2-228a8ec778c2\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light\"><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"471\">India\u2019s nuclear weapons program during the <strong data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"58\">1960s\u20131990s<\/strong> offers a powerful example of how ancient strategic thought\u2014especially <strong data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"150\">Kautilyan Realism<\/strong> from the <em data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"174\">Arthashastra<\/em>\u2014can illuminate contemporary state behavior. Kautilya, writing in the 4th century BCE, laid out a realist vision of statecraft that emphasized <strong data-start=\"317\" data-end=\"388\">pragmatism, secrecy, self-interest, and strategic alliance-building<\/strong>\u2014principles clearly reflected in India\u2019s evolving nuclear strategy during this era.<\/p><hr data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"476\" \/><h3 data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"566\"><strong data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"566\">1. Strategic Shift after China\u2019s 1964 Nuclear Test: Beginning of Nuclear Realism<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"973\">China\u2019s successful nuclear test in <strong data-start=\"603\" data-end=\"611\">1964<\/strong> fundamentally altered India\u2019s security environment. Though India had previously advocated global <strong data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"732\">nuclear disarmament<\/strong>\u2014as articulated in <strong data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"773\">Jawaharlal Nehru\u2019s<\/strong> moral, Gandhian foreign policy\u2014this event introduced a <strong data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"857\">regional power imbalance<\/strong>. From a <strong data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"887\">Kautilyan realist<\/strong> perspective, this marked a shift from <strong data-start=\"926\" data-end=\"972\">idealism to pragmatic security calculation<\/strong>.<\/p><ul data-start=\"975\" data-end=\"1405\"><li data-start=\"975\" data-end=\"1166\"><p data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"1166\">Kautilya advocates the ruler act <strong data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1045\">strategically and pragmatically<\/strong> when threatened by rivals, advising that visible commitment to peace must be underpinned by hidden preparations for war.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1405\"><p data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1405\">In this light, India <strong data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1239\">began developing nuclear capabilities quietly<\/strong> under the guise of civilian research, reflecting the <em data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1307\">Arthashastra<\/em>\u2019s emphasis on <strong data-start=\"1322\" data-end=\"1339\">utsiktaprabhu<\/strong>\u2014the <strong data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1359\">hidden king<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1385\">concealed strength<\/strong> (Rangarajan, 1992).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><blockquote data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1637\"><p data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1637\"><strong data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1431\">Historical Context<\/strong>: India\u2019s nuclear program continued under the Indian Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC) with Homi Bhabha, later Homi Sethna and Raja Ramanna, carefully balancing technical progress and international ambiguity.<\/p><\/blockquote><hr data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1642\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1644\" data-end=\"1719\"><strong data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1719\">2. 1974: The Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) and Diplomatic Facade<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1927\">On <strong data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1739\">18 May 1974<\/strong>, under Prime Minister <strong data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1779\">Indira Gandhi<\/strong>, India conducted its first nuclear test at Pokhran, naming it <strong data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"1862\">\u201cSmiling Buddha\u201d<\/strong>\u2014and crucially branding it as a <strong data-start=\"1894\" data-end=\"1927\">\u201cpeaceful nuclear explosion.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"1929\" data-end=\"2394\"><li data-start=\"1929\" data-end=\"2045\"><p data-start=\"1931\" data-end=\"2045\">This move reflected <strong data-start=\"1951\" data-end=\"2016\">Kautilya\u2019s principle of employing multiple diplomatic facades<\/strong> to pursue national interest.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2232\"><p data-start=\"2048\" data-end=\"2232\">While publicly committed to <strong data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2093\">non-alignment<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2098\" data-end=\"2120\">global disarmament<\/strong>, India signaled to both regional adversaries and global powers that it possessed credible deterrent capability.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2233\" data-end=\"2394\"><p data-start=\"2235\" data-end=\"2394\">This is a textbook application of <strong data-start=\"2269\" data-end=\"2292\">sama (conciliation)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2313\">dana (gifts)<\/strong> in diplomacy while <strong data-start=\"2333\" data-end=\"2372\">quietly building danda (punishment)<\/strong> capacity as leverage.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><blockquote data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"2651\"><p data-start=\"2398\" data-end=\"2651\"><strong data-start=\"2398\" data-end=\"2409\">Example<\/strong>: India remained part of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) but asserted its strategic autonomy. Publicly denying a weapons program while possessing nuclear capability fits the Kautilyan idea of <strong data-start=\"2600\" data-end=\"2623\">strategic ambiguity<\/strong> to protect state interests.<\/p><\/blockquote><hr data-start=\"2653\" data-end=\"2656\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2658\" data-end=\"2732\"><strong data-start=\"2662\" data-end=\"2732\">3. 1998: Overt Nuclearization and the Rebirth of Kautilyan Thought<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2734\" data-end=\"2964\">Under the <strong data-start=\"2744\" data-end=\"2766\">BJP-led government<\/strong> in 1998, India conducted a series of <strong data-start=\"2804\" data-end=\"2826\">five nuclear tests<\/strong>, formally declaring itself a nuclear weapons state. This was a clear <strong data-start=\"2896\" data-end=\"2915\">doctrinal break<\/strong> from strategic ambiguity toward open deterrence.<\/p><ul data-start=\"2966\" data-end=\"3482\"><li data-start=\"2966\" data-end=\"3309\"><p data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"3144\"><strong data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"3012\">National Security Advisor Brajesh Mishra<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3017\" data-end=\"3054\">strategic thinker K. Subrahmanyam<\/strong> invoked <strong data-start=\"3063\" data-end=\"3084\">Kautilyan Realism<\/strong> to justify India\u2019s posture, particularly the famous line:<\/p><blockquote data-start=\"3147\" data-end=\"3309\"><p data-start=\"3149\" data-end=\"3309\">\u201c<strong data-start=\"3150\" data-end=\"3188\">The enemy of my enemy is my friend<\/strong>\u201d (<em data-start=\"3191\" data-end=\"3205\">Arthashastra<\/em>, Book VI),<br data-start=\"3216\" data-end=\"3219\" \/>to rationalize warming ties with the <strong data-start=\"3258\" data-end=\"3275\">United States<\/strong> as a <strong data-start=\"3281\" data-end=\"3308\">counterbalance to China<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/li><li data-start=\"3311\" data-end=\"3482\"><p data-start=\"3313\" data-end=\"3482\">This realignment echoed Kautilya\u2019s <strong data-start=\"3348\" data-end=\"3366\">Mandala theory<\/strong>, where states must form dynamic alliances based on changing power equations, not permanent friendships or enmities.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><blockquote data-start=\"3484\" data-end=\"3745\"><p data-start=\"3486\" data-end=\"3745\"><strong data-start=\"3486\" data-end=\"3497\">Example<\/strong>: After the 1998 tests, India redefined its foreign policy. Despite U.S. sanctions, New Delhi engaged in <strong data-start=\"3602\" data-end=\"3627\">backchannel diplomacy<\/strong>, leading to the <strong data-start=\"3644\" data-end=\"3680\">India\u2013U.S. Strategic Partnership<\/strong>, eventually culminating in the <strong data-start=\"3712\" data-end=\"3744\">2005 Civil Nuclear Agreement<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote><hr data-start=\"3747\" data-end=\"3750\" \/><h3 data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3824\"><strong data-start=\"3756\" data-end=\"3824\">4. Pragmatic Duality: Kautilyan Balance of Morality and Security<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"3826\" data-end=\"4025\">India\u2019s long-standing <strong data-start=\"3848\" data-end=\"3869\">normative posture<\/strong> (moral opposition to nuclear weapons) was never fully abandoned, but <strong data-start=\"3939\" data-end=\"3981\">coexisted with realist security policy<\/strong>\u2014a <strong data-start=\"3984\" data-end=\"4024\">duality Kautilya explicitly endorses<\/strong>.<\/p><ul data-start=\"4027\" data-end=\"4316\"><li data-start=\"4027\" data-end=\"4192\"><p data-start=\"4029\" data-end=\"4192\">Kautilya argues that a wise ruler must often act <strong data-start=\"4078\" data-end=\"4110\">unethically for ethical ends<\/strong>, recommending the appearance of virtue while <strong data-start=\"4156\" data-end=\"4191\">calculating power pragmatically<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4193\" data-end=\"4316\"><p data-start=\"4195\" data-end=\"4316\">India&#8217;s simultaneous <strong data-start=\"4216\" data-end=\"4251\">promotion of global disarmament<\/strong> at the UN and <strong data-start=\"4266\" data-end=\"4299\">strategic nuclear development<\/strong> fits this model.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"4321\" \/><h3 data-start=\"4323\" data-end=\"4382\"><strong data-start=\"4327\" data-end=\"4382\">Conclusion: India as a Contemporary Kautilyan State<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"4384\" data-end=\"4452\">India\u2019s nuclear program exemplifies <strong data-start=\"4420\" data-end=\"4441\">Kautilyan Realism<\/strong> in action:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4453\" data-end=\"4676\"><li data-start=\"4453\" data-end=\"4509\"><p data-start=\"4455\" data-end=\"4509\"><strong data-start=\"4455\" data-end=\"4480\">Strategic concealment<\/strong> before 1974 (utsiktaprabhu),<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4510\" data-end=\"4592\"><p data-start=\"4512\" data-end=\"4592\"><strong data-start=\"4512\" data-end=\"4534\">Diplomatic duality<\/strong> under Indira Gandhi (peaceful explosion + non-alignment),<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4676\"><p data-start=\"4595\" data-end=\"4676\"><strong data-start=\"4595\" data-end=\"4624\">Mandala-based realignment<\/strong> post-1998 (U.S. alignment to counterbalance China).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"4678\" data-end=\"4857\">Kautilya\u2019s ancient doctrines were not merely symbolic\u2014they shaped strategic language, justified realignments, and framed nuclear deterrence doctrine in a modern, multipolar world.<\/p><hr data-start=\"4859\" data-end=\"4862\" \/><h3 data-start=\"4864\" data-end=\"4882\"><strong data-start=\"4868\" data-end=\"4882\">References<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"4884\" data-end=\"5283\"><li data-start=\"4884\" data-end=\"4966\"><p data-start=\"4886\" data-end=\"4966\">Kautilya (trans. L. N. Rangarajan). <em data-start=\"4922\" data-end=\"4936\">Arthashastra<\/em>. Penguin Books India, 1992.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4967\" data-end=\"5084\"><p data-start=\"4969\" data-end=\"5084\">Perkovich, G. (1999). <em data-start=\"4991\" data-end=\"5049\">India\u2019s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation<\/em>. University of California Press.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5085\" data-end=\"5159\"><p data-start=\"5087\" data-end=\"5159\">Subrahmanyam, K. (1998). \u201cWhy Pokhran-II?\u201d <em data-start=\"5130\" data-end=\"5146\">Indian Express<\/em>, May 1998.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5160\" data-end=\"5283\"><p data-start=\"5162\" data-end=\"5283\">Tellis, A. J. (2001). <em data-start=\"5184\" data-end=\"5264\">India&#8217;s Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal<\/em>. RAND Corporation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"5285\" data-end=\"5288\" \/><p data-start=\"5290\" data-end=\"5372\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Let me know if you\u2019d like this reformatted into a policy brief or visual timeline.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Realism-Saturday-at-8-07-PM.m4a You said: Realism Realism Kautilyan Realism Classical Realism Neorealism &#8211; Strategic Realism \/ Rationalism Neorealism &#8211; Defensive Realism \/ Structural Realism Neorealism &#8211; Offensive Realism Neoclassical Realism &#8211; Neoclassical Realism\u00a0 ChatGPT said: Here&#8217;s a master&#8217;s-level overview of Realism in International Relations (IR), covering its major variants\u2014Kautilyan Realism, Classical Realism,&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mird-501-introduction-to-international-relations","category-mird-503-theories-of-diplomacy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=174"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":180,"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174\/revisions\/180"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sushilparajuli.com\/ird\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}